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為甚麼孩子做出挑戰家長的行為?

家長錦囊

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撰文:嬰幼兒心理發展協會

   心理諮詢師程衛強先生

 

「孩子故意做出挑戰你底線的行為嗎?」

「孩子的行為跟你的意願完全相反嗎?」

「孩子怎樣罰都不怕,還好像愈罰愈『曳』!」

 

這些都是你的寫照嗎?很多時候,父母們都會為孩子的行為而操心不已,但其實孩子行為的背後,可能有著不同的情緒,例如孩子可能因為爭寵而故意作出反叛行為,又或因為想得到父母的關注,而作出不當行為,如果這樣的話,可能會「愈罰愈不聽話」!

 

美國著名的情緒心理學家Plutchik指出,我們有 8種基本情緒 (Plutchik, 1993),包括接納、預期、厭惡、憤怒、悲傷、恐懼、快樂及驚訝,這些情緒會按「情緒鏈 (Emotion Chain)」表現出來,包括:(一)刺激、(二)想法、(三)情緒、(四)行為和(五)效果。

 

舉例說,哥哥見到媽媽在照顧年幼的妹妹(刺激),不禁想到媽媽可能只愛妹妹而不再理會自己了(想法),因此出現悲傷和憤怒等情緒(情緒),於是便故意搗蛋(行為),結果媽媽放下妹妹在嬰兒床,然後「處理」哥哥(效果)。在哥哥的眼中,媽媽總算放下了妹妹,因此,該行為達到效果。

Upset,Girl,Sitting,On,Chair,Mother,Enjoying,With,Brother,On

年幼的孩子未必能透過語言表達自己的想法,所以父母要了解其背後的原因,可能有點困難。其實,我們可以透過安撫孩子的情緒,並留意有關行為發生的模式,便可以改善其行為。

 

舉例說,哥哥每逢看到媽媽照顧妹妹就會出現不當行為,這可以推測得到哥哥是希望得到媽媽的愛。因此,媽媽可以平衡一下與哥哥及妹妹的獨處時間,讓哥哥感受到媽媽也是愛他的,也可以邀請他一起去照顧妹妹。如果被忽略時就會有不當行為,這可能是引起父母關注的一個技倆,父母可以在不當行為未出現時就給予關注,但當不當行為出現時,就以故意忽略的技巧回應,以讓孩子明白,不當行為並不能引起關注。

 

只要知道孩子的行為原因,對改善不當行為有莫大的幫助。想知道更多有關資訊,可與我們聯絡。

Why do children engage in challenging behaviors that challenge parents?

Parenting Tips

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Written by: Child Psychological Development Association

Psychological Counselor, Mr. Ching Wai Keung

 

“Is your child deliberately engaging in behavior that challenges your limits?”
“Does your child’s behavior completely contradict your wishes?”
“No matter how you punish your child, it seems like they become more defiant!”

Do these scenarios sound familiar to you? Many times, parents worry incessantly about their child’s behavior. However, behind the child’s behavior, there may be different emotions. For example, a child might intentionally exhibit rebellious behavior due to a desire for attention or rivalry for affection. In such cases, punishing the child may result in them becoming even more disobedient.

Renowned American emotion psychologist Plutchik pointed out that we have eight basic emotions (Plutchik, 1993), including acceptance, anticipation, disgust, anger, sadness, fear, joy, and surprise. These emotions manifest in an “Emotion Chain,” which includes stimuli, thoughts, emotions, behavior, and outcomes.

For instance, when an older brother sees his mom taking care of his younger sister (stimulus), he may think that his mom now only loves his sister and ignores him (thoughts). This could lead to emotions like sadness and anger (emotions). As a result, he may intentionally misbehave (behavior). The outcome is that the mom puts down the sister in the crib and then deals with the older brother (outcome). In the older brother’s eyes, his mom finally put down his sister, achieving the desired outcome through his behavior.

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Young children may not necessarily express their thoughts through language, making it challenging for parents to understand the reasons behind their behavior. However, by soothing the child’s emotions and paying attention to patterns in their behavior, we can improve their conduct.

For example, if an older brother consistently exhibits inappropriate behavior whenever he sees his mom taking care of his younger sister, it can be inferred that he is seeking his mother’s love. In response, the mom can balance one-on-one time with both the older brother and younger sister, allowing him to feel that his mother loves him too. She can also invite him to participate in caring for the younger sister. If inappropriate behavior arises when attention is lacking, it may be a skill to attract parental attention. In such cases, parents can offer attention before inappropriate behavior occurs and deliberately ignore the behavior when it does, helping the child understand that misbehavior does not garner attention.

Understanding the reasons behind a child’s behavior is immensely helpful in improving inappropriate conduct. If you’d like to know more, feel free to contact us.

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Parents Zone

How to handle the awkwardness when grown-up children find it awkward to have heart-to-heart talks with their parents?

Parenting Tips

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As children grow up, many parents may find that their children become increasingly resistant to having heart-to-heart talks. The children may feel awkward, or perhaps the family relationships have not been very close since childhood. Dr. Wong Chung Hin, a specialist in psychiatry, points out, “It is crucial for parents to establish a good parent-child relationship from an early age. If parents suspect emotional issues in their children, in addition to observing changes in their behavior, they can guide their children to express their thoughts and understand their inner world.”

As mentioned earlier, parents and children should establish a parent-child relationship from a young age, setting aside time each day for parent-child communication and engaging in interesting family activities together. Dr. Wong emphasizes, “A close parent-child relationship helps children express themselves to their parents. Even as they grow older, they will be more willing to express themselves and have trust in their family.”

However, if a child is unwilling to reveal their thoughts and parents notice changes in their behavior (refer to: https://www.parentsdaily.com.hk/expert/4073), Dr. Wong advises parents to patiently guide their children to express their inner feelings. “When children express their thoughts, parents should listen patiently and provide them with the opportunity to express themselves. Establish a daily parent-child chatting time, allowing children to have a channel to express themselves at home. Parents should remember that once children mention symptoms related to emotional issues, parents should not criticize or constantly deny their children.”

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Dr. Wong continues, “Everyone has their own thoughts and perspectives, and parents are no exception. I once had a parent tell me that their child refused to go to school and do homework, and their emotions would spiral out of control every time they were urged to go to school. However, when the child stayed home to play video games, they seemed very happy, leading the parent to think the child was just lazy and ‘pretending.’ However, parents should carefully understand the reasons behind the child’s reluctance to go to school and not dismiss any emotional issues the child may have, to avoid missing crucial moments for addressing emotional problems.” If, after parental guidance, the child still refuses to discuss their situation, parents can contact the school to learn about the child’s situation at school.

Dr. Wong recalls a case involving a high school student: “This student suddenly called the clinic one day and asked if it was necessary for parents to accompany him. Later, the student came for a consultation with friends, revealing that he had a poor relationship with his family. After sharing with friends, they suggested seeking professional advice. During the treatment process, I slowly built a good doctor-patient relationship with him, gained his trust, and hoped to help rebuild his relationship with his family.” Dr. Wong laments that not every case receives family support, so the role of schools is crucial. When young people encounter emotional or stress-related issues and cannot confide in their families, they can seek assistance from trusted adults.

In light of the recent increase in suicide tragedies, Dr. Wong advises parents to understand that a child’s holistic development involves more than just academic achievements; it also includes mental health. Dr. Wong understands that a child’s stress often comes from academic and family expectations. “Whether students or parents, I hope everyone can equip themselves well in stressful environments. Equipping oneself does not necessarily mean extra tutoring but taking good care of one’s mental health and achieving balance in life. Parents and schools should also teach students about the importance of mental health and promote the holistic growth of students’ physical and mental well-being.”

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孩子長大與父母談心感尷尬 可以怎樣做?

家長錦囊

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隨著子女長大,相信不少家長都發現子女愈來愈抗拒與父母談心,孩子可能是覺得尷尬,也可能是自小家庭關係不太緊密。精神科專科黃宗顯醫生指出:「自小與子女建立良好親子關係十分重要,但若家長懷疑子女出現情緒問題,除了留意子女行為有否變化外,亦可引導子女表達自己的想法,了解他們的內心世界。」

如前文提及,家長與孩子應自小建立親子關係,每天放下工作,給予雙方親子交流的時間,一起進行有趣的親子活動。黃醫生指:「緊密的親子關係有助孩子向家長表達內心,即使隨著年紀長大,他們亦會較願意表達自己,並對家人有所信任。」

惟若孩子不願透露自己想法,家長又察覺孩子的行為變化時(可參考:https://www.parentsdaily.com.hk/expert/4073),黃醫生建議家長應耐心引導孩子表達內心,「當孩子表達自己的想法時,家長應耐心聆聽,給予孩子表達的機會。與子女建立每天親子聊天時間,讓子女有渠道在家表達自己。家長要謹記一旦子女提及相關情緒問題的症狀時,家長不應作出批判,也不要處處否定子女。」

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黃醫生續指:「每個人都會有自己想法和立場,家長亦然。曾經有家長告訴我,他的小朋友不願上學和做功課,每天要他上學,他的情緒便會失控。但當小朋友留在家打機又會很開心,令家長覺得小朋友只是懶惰和『扮嘢』。但家長應細心了解小朋友不願上學背後的原因,不應排除小朋友任何情緒問題,以免錯過處理情緒問題的重要時刻。」但若家長引導過後,孩子仍然對自己的狀況絕口不提,家長可與學校聯絡,了解孩子在校的情況等。

黃醫生憶述其中一個中學生個案:「這位學生有天突然自己致電診所,詢問看醫生是否一定要家長陪同。後來,這位學生與朋友一同來就診,才發現原來這位學生與家人關係不好,朋友聽他分享後,便建議他尋求專業意見。在治療的過程中,我與他慢慢建立良好醫患關係,得到他的信任,並希望能重建他與家人的關係。」黃醫生慨嘆並不是每個個案都能得到家人支持,因此學校角色都非常重要,年青人一旦遇到情緒或壓力問題,若無法找家人傾訴,可以尋求信任的成人協助。

面對近日不斷的輕生悲劇,黃醫生寄語家長要明白要孩子全人發展,不單單只有學業成績,更包含精神健康等。黃醫生深明孩子的壓力大多來自學習及家人期望,「不論學生或家長,希望大家都能在壓力環境下好好裝備自己,所謂的裝備並非補習,而是好好照顧自己的精神健康,在生活中取得平衡。家長及學校亦應教導學生了解精神健康的重要,促進學生身心健康的成長。」

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【給聖誕老人的信 – 第二回 冬至快樂】

今天有更多「給聖誕老人的信」活動的可愛花絮,由小朋友寫上祝福和願望的信件,將會踏上神奇的旅程,將溫暖和歡笑帶給在芬蘭的聖誕老人。

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Reject the Busyness: Build Parent-Child Relationships Every Day

Parenting Tips

Parents should first handle their own emotions to help their children express their inner feelings.

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Whether parents are working or full-time homemakers, they are busy every day with work, household chores, and taking care of their children. After school, children are also busy with homework, tutoring, and reviewing for exams. Leisure time is limited, and bedtime comes early. Dr. Wong Chung Hin, a specialist in psychiatry, points out, “Parents and students in Hong Kong are very busy, but we need to learn to ‘preprocess’ emotions or stress before they erupt, and establish a good parent-child relationship. Parents should set aside dedicated parent-child time every day to communicate with their children. Parents should also take care of their own emotions, which will help their children express their inner feelings.”

 

In the midst of busy daily life, parents need to take good care of themselves first in order to better care for their children. Dr. Wong suggests, “Rather than dealing with emotional problems after they arise, ‘preprocessing’ is more important. Parents can establish healthy habits with their children, ensuring they have sufficient rest. Many students have tutoring and homework to do after school, but a moderate amount of entertainment is also crucial. As mentioned earlier, daily parent-child communication time is necessary. Doing fun activities together, such as exercising, not only builds quality parent-child time but also improves emotions.”

 

Dr. Wong emphasizes, “Parents should review their disciplinary expectations, adjust disciplinary methods according to their children’s abilities to avoid putting too much pressure on them. Parents need to understand that every child will grow up, want to be independent, and have their own thoughts. Parents can understand the reasons behind their children’s behavior, such as not wanting to go to school or declining academic performance. Parents should investigate whether the underlying cause is excessive learning pressure and communicate with the school to make adjustments to their child’s learning.”

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In fact, children’s emotions can be influenced by the emotions of their parents. Dr. Wong explains, “When children have emotional issues, it may be partly influenced by family history. However, in many cases, children with emotional problems have parents with poorer emotional well-being. Parents should always be aware of their own emotional states to avoid expressing emotions inappropriately. For example, when parents are dissatisfied with their children’s behavior, they may burst out in anger, which not only affects the parent-child relationship, making the child at a loss and afraid to communicate with their parents, but also influences the parents’ own perceptions, negatively characterizing the child’s behavior as ‘disobedient,’ ‘pretending,’ and lazy.”

 

Parents most commonly face the situation of children “not listening at all” and may find it hard to refrain from getting angry. However, Dr. Wong reminds, “During these times, parents should not confront their children directly. Instead, they can find a space to calm themselves, for example, by doing some slow breathing exercises to soothe their emotions. Once the parent has calmed down, they can then address the child and understand the underlying reasons for the child’s behavior. If parents cannot control their emotions, it will only complicate things and make it difficult to have a chance to communicate with their children.”

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Dr. Wong suggests, “Everyone has a different personality, and the methods for handling stress also vary. Parents can work together with their children to establish stress management methods, whether it’s through exercise, drawing, listening to music, taking a good rest, or simply relaxing. However, when parents notice that their child’s emotional issues have persisted for a prolonged period, or have started to affect daily life, and especially if there are signs of self-harm or suicidal thoughts, parents should seek professional assistance for their children as soon as possible.”

 

Dr. Wong concludes with a message to parents: “Many parents are currently juggling work commitments, but it’s important for parents to consider setting aside a moment each day, putting work aside, and dedicating time to their children to build a strong parent-child relationship and enjoy quality time together. This way, parents can also pay attention to any changes in their children’s mental and emotional well-being, detect problems early, and prevent the development of emotional issues such as depression or anxiety.”