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家居安全要留神 以免意外生

家長錦囊

6-9

資料來源:急症室專科醫生張喜樂

 家居暗藏危機,只要一次不小心,小朋友就很容易受傷。家居設置有甚麼要注意,以防小朋友受傷?

 一般比較常見的家居意外就是小朋友夾到手指,可能有時候因大風,吹至門關或是有人開門的時候,也會夾到手指的。所以我不論出入也好,都要先鎖門,至少將鑰匙放高一點。家長或者可以用一些膠狀的東西卡著門關,就算真的關門時他都不會夾到手指,或者用門栓來減少夾到手指的風險。

 在廚房方面,最好就加上一道廚房門閘或是廚房門也要關好,讓小朋友不能進入廚房。家長也要從小就教導小朋友用火方面的知識,火是一件很危險的事,很有用也很危險,故要很小心地處理火。

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另外,藥物亦是危險的一環。有時小朋友吃一顆已經很危險,所以藥物真是要妥善放置,特別要放置在藥櫃內。藥盒也要放到較高的位置,小朋友接觸不到的地方,這樣就會更安全。

我們也要小心小朋友喜歡爬來爬去,例如爬雙層床、較高的床及沙發等,有時他們可能會跌倒。除了我們要教育他外,我們也可以去想清楚哪些是高危位置,我們就在那些位置加些軟墊跌倒也不會那麼傷。當然教育都是最重要的,或是不要讓他們有機會,接觸這些危險的地方。

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香港單位狹小,我們也喜歡利用高櫃去放置很多物件。當東西過多時,可能使櫃倒下,所以我們自己也要去檢查,這個櫃是否容易搖動。如果要放東西,要放置得上輕下重,這樣櫃就不容易倒下。

家居安全另一重要的是窗要裝上窗花,因為小朋友會爬窗,那個危險性相比一般家居安全問題更加大,因為會直接牽涉到生命危險。

How to enhance the confidence of shy children?

Parenting Tips

6-1

Source: Family Marriage Therapist/Art Therapist, Ko Wing Oi

In reality, many parents feel that their children are shy and want to enhance their self-confidence so that they can have more confidence in talking to others. This actually depends on the child’s personality because sometimes children may be slower to warm up or feel more fearful about speaking to strangers. A child’s shyness may be related to their upbringing and experiences during their growth process.

In today’s busy world, many parents have limited opportunities to take their children out to play and interact with other children due to work commitments. This can gradually result in children only feeling comfortable communicating with older family members or siblings. When they encounter peers of the same age, they may not know how to play together. Additionally, many parents tend to speak on behalf of their children, especially when they are unable to express themselves. Sometimes parents may feel impatient and quickly guess what the child wants, saying things like, “Do you want this? Do you want that?” This often makes the child hesitant to express their true thoughts and feelings.

Parents unintentionally prevent their children from learning how to express themselves or become dependent on their parents to speak for them. However, there are various ways to help children communicate with other children or adults in different environments. For example, through interactive activities or games at home, parents can ask the child questions like, “If we meet other children to play at the playground, what can you do to join them?” Role-playing with family members can also be beneficial in helping children gain confidence in social interactions.

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Children primarily learn from their environment, including their parents, siblings, school, friends, and even through sources like online news, television, or cartoons, where they learn behaviors and speech patterns. Therefore, when playing games at home, it’s important to set a good example and show them how to communicate, speak, and express themselves effectively.

Sometimes, it’s necessary to give children time to think about how to express themselves instead of rushing to speak for them or completing their sentences. Even if they make a mistake, it’s important not to say, “That’s not how you do it!” as it can scare the child. It’s better to analyze the situation together and discuss how it could have been done correctly. Parents should try to engage in more analysis with the child, asking questions like, “Why is it not okay to say it that way? Because speaking like that might hurt other children. How would you feel if someone spoke to you in that manner?” Teaching them different communication methods can help them interact with strangers and communicate effectively in different environments.

小朋友好害羞 如何增強他們自信?

家長錦囊

6-1

資料來源:家庭婚姻治療師/藝術治療師高詠愛                       

現實中不少家長都覺得自己小朋友害羞,希望增強他們的自信心,讓他們多點信心跟別人說話。這其實要看小朋友本身的性格是怎樣,因為有時小朋友會比較慢熱,可能有些小朋友比較怕跟陌生人說話。小朋友較害羞可能跟他們的成長過程有關。

現在很多家長因為工作關係,甚少帶小朋友外出和其他小朋友一起玩和交流。這會慢慢會形成他只喜歡和年紀大過他的家人或兄姐溝通,當遇到同年紀較小的朋友時,他就不懂得怎樣一起玩。加上現時許多家長都會幫他們說話,例如他還不懂得表達自己的時候,家長有時可能比較心急:「你是不是想要那個東西?你是不是想這樣那樣。」這令小朋友很多時候他不敢說出心聲。

家長令孩子不懂得怎樣表達自己,或依賴了家長幫他們說話。其實透過很多方式,例如在家裡互動或玩遊戲,都可以幫助小朋友在不同環境跟其他小朋友或長輩溝通。例如透過簡單圖片的桌上遊戲,家長可以問小朋友:「如果我們在球場上遇到其他小朋友一起玩時,可以怎樣呢?如果你想一起玩,你可以怎樣做?」 家人也可以跟小朋友進行角色扮演。

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小朋友最主要從環境中學習,從他們的父母、兄弟姐妹、學校、朋友身上,甚至現在很多時會上網看新聞、電視或卡通片,學習一些行為 或說話內容。所以在家裡玩遊戲時 ,都可以做一個好榜樣告訴他們應該怎樣溝通、怎樣去說或怎樣表達自己是最好的。

有時要給小朋友時間去思考如何表達自己,而不是搶著替他們說話或幫他們完成。就算他錯了,也不要說:「不是這樣的!」因為這樣會嚇到小朋友,最好是跟他分析整件事情,應該如何做才是正確的。家長應嘗試跟小朋友分析多點:「為甚麼不可以這麼說 ?因為這樣說話可能會傷害了其他小朋友。如果你這樣跟他說話時,你自己的感覺又會是如何?」當教懂他們一些溝通方法,亦可以幫助他們見到陌生人和在不同環境時去與人溝通。

How can parents help young children adapt to primary school life both psychologically and physically?

Parenting Tips

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Source:  Professor Chiu Wing Kai, Chair Professor of Sociology at the Education University of Hong Kong.

It’s already been 3 months into 2023 and summer vacation will be coming soon, followed by the start of the new school year in September. For K3 students to start their primary school life. However, these students have spent most of their 3-year kindergarten education in online classes due to the pandemic, with little face-to-face interaction. How can parents help them adapt to their new academic and social life in terms of their psychological and physical well-being?

Students who are promoted to Primary 1 are at most at K2 level because they have not returned to school for at least one full year. There are many things they need to adapt to when transitioning from kindergarten to primary school. These include school schedules, daily routines, and learning styles that are vastly different from what they are used to. Kindergarten classes typically last for around 20 minutes, after which they move on to another subject, but in primary school, classes can be 35 minutes or longer, making it difficult for them to maintain their focus. All of these issues can create significant adaptation problems for young students.

So how can parents explain these changes to their children? Firstly, parents should not be too anxious, as many primary schools offer simulation courses and adaptation weeks for new students, as well as school visits. Primary schools are usually much larger than kindergartens, and young students may be excited about the various facilities and opportunities available to them. However, it is best to start talking to them once they begin school, as too much information too soon may be overwhelming. Simply telling them, “Yes, this is what school is like” is often enough.

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Additionally, some things that young students may not be capable of now do not mean they cannot accomplish them, they just need time to grow and develop. Parents need to remember that every child has a different growth rate. After starting school, observe their emotional changes when they return home from school, and if you notice any issues, pay close attention to them

It takes time for young children to adapt, but sometimes parents also need to adapt. In kindergarten, we refer to it as the Homeroom(regular class location), where one teacher leads the class, and children usually only see one or two teachers. If parents need to participate or collaborate with the school, they can simply find that teacher. In primary school, each subject has different teachers, so if any issues arise, parents need to consider how to communicate with each teacher.

家長如何幫助幼童在心理同生理上適應小學生活?

家長錦囊

5-1

資料來源:香港教育大學社會學講座教授趙永佳教授

2023年已過了3個多月,暑假很快又會到,然後又到9月開學日。這意味著一班K3同學

準備迎接小學生活,但這班同學過去3年幼稚園生涯,大多都在疫情下的網課經過,甚少面授課程,又少機會與人接觸。家長可以如何幫助他們在心理和生理上適應升小生活?

升小一的同學最多只是等於K2程度,因為他們最少有一整年沒有回學校上課,而從幼稚園到小學,本來就已經有很多東西要適應,例如上學時間、在學校裡一些生活上的細節,甚至整個周期和學習模式都不同了。幼稚園一節課大約20分鐘左右,然後已經要轉另一節課,但是在小學可能是35分鐘或以上,很難維持集中力,所有這些問題,都會對小朋友造成很大的適應問題。

如何跟小朋友說明幼小交接的變化才是最好呢?首先家長不要太緊張,有很多小學會舉辦模擬課程,會有適應週,亦可參觀學校。小學比幼稚園大,小朋友可能會感到很高興,因為有很多不同的設備,他可能會有很多期待。但是我覺得有些事情要先開始才知道,太早和他說太多也沒有用,只能告訴他:「對,學校就是這樣。」

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另外,有些事情小朋友現在還未能做到,並不代表他做不到,要待他長大。家長很多時候都是這樣,有些事情是沒有辦法,不能勉強的,而是要等待小朋友成長到那個階段才能做到,要記住每個小朋友的成長速度都不同。剛開學後他們放學回來,可觀察他情感的轉變,如果看到他有這些情況就要注意了。

小朋友的適應是需要時間的,但有時家長也要適應。在幼稚園我們稱為Homeroom(固定上課地點),由一名老師帶領,所以小朋友只會經常看到一兩位老師。如果在家長參與或家校協作時,很簡單只要找回那位老師便可。在小學,每個科目都有不同的老師,所以有時候出現狀況時,我們就要思考怎樣和老師溝通。

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How do you teach children correct pronunciation?

Parenting Tips

5-1

Source: Speech therapist, Miss Carley

When children learn a language, pronunciation is also an important aspect. There are many pronunciations in English that are not found in Cantonese and are difficult for both children and adults to master. How can parents teach children to pronounce English correctly? What are some tips to use?

The English tongue’s sounds can be difficult for children and even adults to master. We can try to use different cueing techniques to teach children to pronounce the sounds correctly. For example, parents can use visual cues, such as looking in the mirror with the child and showing him the tip of his tongue, placed between the two rows of teeth.

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In addition, parents can also use verbal cues to clearly tell the child, “Put your tongue in the middle of your two rows of teeth,” so that they know what to do. When necessary, parents can also provide tactile cues, such as using a popsicle stick or spoon to touch the tongue and showing them where to place it for different sounds.

Parents can also try playing simple games with their children to train their listening skills, such as whether they can distinguish between right and wrong in terms of hearing. For example, intentionally mispronouncing a word: “Is ‘fank you’ correct? No, it’s not.” “Is ‘thank you’ correct? Yes, it is.”

This time we have to bite our teeth on the tongue or write the words “free” and “three” on a piece of paper, and then the parent reads out one of the words “three” “You show me which one” and reads “free”, “You show me which one”. If he knows how to distinguish, it will be clearer and easier for him to express himself.

如何教小朋友正確發音?

家長錦囊

5-1

資料來源:言語治療師Miss Carley

小朋友學習語言,發音也是重要一環。英文的很多發音是廣東話裡沒有的,不論對小朋友或大人,都是較難掌握。家長可以如何教導小朋友正確發音呢?有甚麼小法寶可以使用?

英語裡的咬舌音對於小朋友甚至大人來說,也是比較難掌握的。我們可以嘗試運用不同的提示技巧,教導小朋友正確的發音。用這發音作例子,其實家長可以嘗試用一些視覺的提示,譬如可以和小朋友一起望著鏡子,讓他看見自己的舌頭,放置於兩排牙齒的中間。

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另外,家長也可以用口頭提示,我們要明確向小朋友說:「你的舌頭要放在兩排牙齒中間。」讓他知道要怎樣做。有必要的時候,家長可以加上所謂觸覺的提示。譬如用雪條棒或用匙羹這樣碰著舌頭,要放在兩排牙齒中間,讓他知道不同的發音部位,舌頭要如何放置。

家長也可以嘗試和小朋友玩些簡單遊戲,來訓練他們的聽辨能力,就是小朋友在聽覺方面能否辨認得到對或不對,譬如家長故意讀錯字:「fank you對不對?不對」「thank you對不對?對了」這次我們牙齒要咬著舌頭,又或在紙寫上free和three這兩個字,然後家長讀出其中一個three 「你指給我看是哪一個」;Free「你又指給我看是哪一個」。如果他懂得分辨,在表達上來就更加清楚和容易。

How do parents show love to their children?

Parenting Tips

4-9

Source: Parenting Education Specialist, Ken Sir

Parents may worry that expressing too much love to their children will spoil them and therefore do not know how to express love to them. Generally speaking, Chinese are more introverted and often dare not express their love. Especially when you originally wanted to express that you were very worried about your child, it often turns into another attitude.

Once, I saw a mother and her child get lost in Shatin and then reunite. What was the mother’s behavior like after the reunion? She grabbed the child’s hand and hit him while saying, “I couldn’t find you earlier; do you know how scared I was? I was so worried. What would I do if I didn’t find you?”

In fact, everyone knows that the mother loves her child, but the child doesn’t feel it. I often share an example during lectures to express love. When I was young, my father ordered a drink, but because money was tight, he asked the waiter to bring an extra cup after ordering one hot drink. He kept pouring the drink back and forth in front of me, trying to cool it down quickly so that the child wouldn’t burn his mouth and could drink it faster. But I found that when children ask their parents or when I asked many students’ parents, they would answer, “This will make it cool faster.”

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When responding to children, parents should express their feelings at the deepest level: “I love you; why would I do this if I didn’t love you? Am I doing it for someone else? For another child? So in fact, there are many things in our lives that can express love, but there is one thing that must be remembered. If you are afraid of being overindulgent, remember the following two points:

First, if the child can do something, let them do it. You should not fight to do it. Second, when the child makes a mistake, we should correct them. In the process of correction, try to be gentle and firm. When seriousness is needed, be serious. But remind the child to say the solution, not just say no or that it’s wrong. Otherwise, the child will not progress.

父母如何向小朋友表達愛?

家長錦囊

4-9

資料來源:親職教育專家Ken Sir

父母可能會擔心對孩子表達過多的愛,會造成溺愛,因而不懂如何對孩子表達愛。一般而言,中國人較為內斂,對愛的表現很多時候都不敢說出來。尤其當你本來想表達你很緊張他,但往往變成另一種態度。

有次我在沙田見到一個媽媽和她的小朋友走失了,然後再重聚,重聚後媽媽的表現是怎樣呢?就是捉著他的手打他  ,一邊打一邊説:「我剛剛見不到你,你知不知道我很害怕。我很擔心你,見不到你怎麽辦呀?」

其實大家都知道媽媽是愛他的,但小朋友就感受不到。我經常在講座分享一個例子去表達愛,就是在我小時候爸爸叫了一杯飲料,因為當時錢不多,當叫完一杯熱飲後就問侍應多拿一個杯子。在我面前不停把飲料倒來倒去,想盡快把飲料弄涼,讓小朋友喝的時候不會燙傷嘴巴,而且可以快點喝得到,但我發現如果當小朋友問父母的時候或我問過很多學生的父母,他們都是會答:「這樣會快點變涼。」

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家長在回應小朋友時應該表達最深的層次,就是因為我愛你,我不愛你我怎麽會做這事情呢?難道我為旁邊那個做?為旁邊的小朋友做嗎?所以其實我們在生活上很多事情可以表達愛,但有一種事一定要記住,如果你害怕造成溺愛,一定要切記以下兩點。

第一點小朋友可以做到的事,應該要讓他做,你不應該爭著做。第二點就是小朋友犯錯,我們要指正他。在指正的過程中,盡量用到溫柔而堅定,需要嚴肅的時候要嚴肅。但要提醒小朋友記著要説上解決方法,而不是只說NO,只說不對。這樣的話,小朋友是不會進步的。

What should I do when confronted with dishonesty in children?

Parenting Tips

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Written by: Family Dynamics Psychological Counselor, Lai Shun Mei

Every time a child does homework, he or she falsely claims to have a stomachache, to go to the bathroom, or to go to sleep. Thousands of lies and excuses. Parents who value character development are naturally outraged because they have zero tolerance for dishonesty in their children. But why do children always avoid doing their homework? Why do they have to lie to cover it up?

Often, children avoid doing homework not because they don’t want to, but because they can’t. Children want to be good and smart, but when they find out they can’t do their homework, they think they are not smart enough. They can’t accept this and will lie to cover it up and avoid it. Generally speaking, children with normal intelligence but learning disabilities will have their academic performance affected to some degree, but they can excel in other areas as well. And regardless of their intelligence level, as long as they use the right approach, coupled with the right amount of training, they can also build the corresponding ability.

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But why do people lie? When a person feels that he or she is in an uncomfortable situation, he or she will activate the defense mechanism to protect himself or herself. Lying is one of the ways to cope with a crisis by avoiding it. If parents want to help their children, they should allow them to tell the truth so that they can understand what their children really don’t understand.

How do you instill in children the courage to speak the truth? You have to let your child know that even if he is not smart enough, you will still love him so much, take him as your joy, be patient with him, and find ways to help him solve his problems together, thus building up his sense of security and making him feel at ease to reveal his inner uncertainties and difficulties. On the contrary, if his experience makes him think that he is not smart enough, which will lead to his mother’s anger and complaints, he will not dare to tell the truth and even activate his self-protection mechanism to protect himself with lies that adults can uncover at first glance.

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At this point, the child will not only fail to protect himself but will also get into more trouble because the mother will be rehabilitated and will take the initiative to admit her mistake and promise not to lie again. But in fact, his homework difficulties are not resolved, creating a vicious cycle. Therefore, we encourage parents to learn to accept their children’s shortcomings so that they will have confidence in you and feel safe to open up to you.